Fighting for Consumer Rights. 1962, President John F. Fifty years to the day after the President of the United States called for consumer rights. Stop fighting the 1962 war. Eyes on the Prize (1987–) 8.5 / 10. Fighting Back: 1957-1962 (). News about Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Commentary and archival information about Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) from The New York Times. Voting rights of Indigenous Australians. The voting rights of Indigenous Australians became an issue from the mid- 1. Britain's Australian colonies, and suffrage qualifications were being debated. The resolution of universal rights progressed into the mid- 2. Indigenous Australians have had full voting rights at all levels of government in Australia since the 1. Indigenous Australians began to acquire voting rights along with other adults living in the Australian colonies from the late- 1. For a time Aborigines could vote in some states and not in others, though from 1. Aborigines could vote if they were or had been servicemen. In 1. 96. 2, the Menzies Government (1. Commonwealth Electoral Act 1. Indigenous Australians to enroll to vote in Australian federal elections. In 1. 96. 5, Queensland became the last state to remove restrictions on Indigenous voting in state elections. By 1. 96. 7 Indigenous Australians had equal rights in all states and territories. Colonial Indigenous franchise. It was acknowledged that Indigenous people were British subjects under the English common law and were entitled to the rights of that status. Accordingly, Indigenous men were not specifically denied the right to vote. However, few Aboriginals were aware of their rights, were not encouraged to enrol to vote and very few participated in elections. For example, Point Mc. Leay, a mission station near the mouth of the Murray River, in South Australia, got a polling station in the 1. Aboriginal men and women voted there in South Australian elections. Queensland. Aboriginals were excluded from voting in Queensland in 1. In 1. 89. 3 voting rights were extended to include all British male subjects over the age of 2. Aboriginal males. Aboriginals were disqualified for the vote in Western Australia until 1. The first election for the Commonwealth Parliament in 1. Parliament at state level had the same rights for that election. Aboriginal men had at least a theoretical vote for that election in all States except Queensland and Western Australia. Aboriginal women had the vote in South Australia. Some Aboriginal people voted for the first Commonwealth Parliament; for example, the mission station of Point Mc. Leay, in South Australia, had a polling station since the 1. Aboriginal men and women voted there in 1. Commonwealth aboriginal franchise. He won his case in the District Court. These developments were confined to British subjects of Asian origin resident in Australia. They had no effect on right to vote of Aboriginal people. In 1. 93. 8, with the participation of leading Indigenous activists like Douglas Nicholls, the Australian Aborigines' League and the Aborigines Progressive Association organised a protest . A permit system restricted movement and work opportunities for many Aboriginal people. In 1. 94. 9, the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1. Garran. Also, those who had served in the military were expressly entitled to vote. In the 1. 95. 0s, the government pursued a policy of . In 1. 96. 2, the Menzies Government amended the Commonwealth Electoral Act to give Indigenous people the right to enrol and vote in Commonwealth elections irrespective of their voting rights at the state level. If they were enrolled, it was compulsory for them to vote. However, enrolment itself was not compulsory and it was illegal under Commonwealth legislation to encourage indigenous people to enrol to vote. Any person enrolled who failed to vote could be liable to prosecution and a fine, on the same basis as non- Indigenous citizens. Western Australia gave Indigenous citizens the vote in the State in the same year, and Queensland followed in 1. Until 1. 96. 7, section 1. Australian Constitution prohibited Indigenous Australians from being counted in the population. With the repeal of the provision by a referendum in 1.
Indigenous Australians were counted in the population. This took place for the 1. Queensland and Western Australia. In 1. 98. 3, the Act was amended to remove optional enrolment for Indigenous citizens, and removing any differentiation or distinction based on race in the Australian electoral system. In 1. 97. 1 Neville Bonner of the Liberal Party was appointed by the Queensland Parliament to replace a retiring senator, becoming the first Indigenous person in federal Parliament. This high-quality Rights Managed SD stock. From the same production Stock footage themed Woman / Mud Wrestling / Europe / 1962. 50 years after US president Kennedy called for 4 basic consumer rights, the issue that deserves our attention is privacy, writes Jim Guest for Huffington Post. Bonner was returned as a Senator at the 1. Hyacinth Tungutalum of the Country Liberal Party in the Northern Territory and Eric Deeral of the National Party of Queensland, became the first Indigenous people elected to territory and state legislatures in 1. In 1. 97. 6, Sir Douglas Nicholls was appointed Governor of South Australia, becoming the first Indigenous person to hold vice- regal office in Australia. Aden Ridgeway of the Australian Democrats served as a senator during the 1. Indigenous person was elected to the House of Representatives until West Australian Liberal. Ken Wyatt in August 2. The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1. 3 October 2. The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1. 3 October 2. Aboriginal Sydney: a guide to important places of the past and present. Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Commonwealth Electoral Act 1. The First Australians: A Fair Deal for a Dark Race par SBS TV 2. COMMONWEALTH ELECTORAL LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL 1. EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM(PDF), Australian Parliament, retrieved 1. October 2. 01. 1 ^. Stonewall riots - Wikipedia. The Stonewall Inn, taken September 1. The sign in the window reads: . They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. The last years of the 1. African American Civil Rights Movement, the counterculture of the 1. Vietnam War movement. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. At the time, the Stonewall Inn was owned by the Mafia. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1. Stonewall Inn. They attracted a crowd that was incited to riot. Tensions between New York City police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening, and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about their sexual orientation without fear of being arrested. After the Stonewall riots, gays and lesbians in New York City faced gender, race, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. Within six months, two gay activist organizations were formed in New York, concentrating on confrontational tactics, and three newspapers were established to promote rights for gays and lesbians. Within a few years, gay rights organizations were founded across the U. S. On June 2. 8, 1. Gay Pride marches took place in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco. Similar marches were organized in other cities. Today, Gay Pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Army, and other government- funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia. Anarchists, communists, and other people deemed un- American and subversive were considered security risks. Homosexuals were included in this list by the U. S. State Department on the theory that they were susceptible to blackmail. In 1. 95. 0, a Senate investigation chaired by Clyde R. Hoey noted in a report, . Post Office kept track of addresses where material pertaining to homosexuality was mailed. They outlawed the wearing of opposite gender clothes, and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. Many lived double lives, keeping their private lives secret from their professional ones. In 1. 95. 2, the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) as a mental disorder. A large- scale study of homosexuality in 1. This view was widely influential in the medical profession. Los Angeles area homosexuals created the Mattachine Society in 1. Harry Hay. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gays and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals. An organization named ONE, Inc. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexuals in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventually went to the Supreme Court, which in 1. ONE, Inc. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder. Frank Kameny founded the Mattachine of Washington, D. C. He had been fired from the U. S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual, and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts at mental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. The pickets shocked many gay people, and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people assigned male at birth who dressed and lived as women and people assigned female at birth who dressed as men, respectively, either part or full- time. Contemporary nomenclature classified them as transvestites, and they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB that asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people. Gay and transgender people staged a small riot in Los Angeles in 1. A riot ensued, with the patrons of the cafeteria slinging cups, plates, and saucers, and breaking the plexiglass windows in the front of the restaurant, and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced. The enclaves of gays and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as . New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand, speakeasies and impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all. A cohort of poets, later named the Beat poets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed mindedness. Of them, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal- minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. Wagner, Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the 1. World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars, and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible. One story in the New York Post described an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested. They had a more difficult time with the New York State Liquor Authority (SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become . In 1. 96. 6 the New York Mattachine held a . Almost all of them were owned and controlled by organized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff; the Stonewall Inn had no liquor license. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed. The legal drinking age was 1. The entrance fee on weekends was $3, for which the customer received two tickets that could be exchanged for two drinks. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private . There were two dance floors in the Stonewall; the interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights or black lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearby Christopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used their draft cards as identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing, and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Employees and management of the bars were also typically arrested. We're taking the place! According to Duberman (p. Stonewall management thought the tip was inaccurate. Days after the raid, one of the bar owners complained that the tipoff had never come, and that the raid was ordered by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, who objected that there were no stamps on the liquor bottles, indicating the alcohol was bootlegged. Historian David Carter presents information. They appeared to be making more money from extortion than they were from liquor sales in the bar. Carter deduces that when the police were unable to receive kickbacks from blackmail and the theft of negotiable bonds (facilitated by pressuring gay Wall Street customers), they decided to close the Stonewall Inn permanently. Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen had entered the bar earlier that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once inside, they called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 2. 05 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered,Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar. The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification, and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any men dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those cross- dressing in a room in the back of the bar. Maria Ritter, then known as Steve to her family, recalled, . My second biggest fear was that my picture would be in a newspaper or on a television report in my mother's dress! Now, times were a- changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit.. Predominantly, the theme .
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